\u5dba\u5d0e\u5bdb\u5b50\uff08\u611b\u77e5\u6559\u80b2\u5927\u5b66\uff09<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
\u300c\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5973\u6027\u300d\u306b\u3069\u3093\u306a\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u3092\u6211\u3005\u306f\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002
\n\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u308c\u3070\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u304c\u63a5\u3059\u308b\u5831\u9053\u3084\uff34\uff36\u3001\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u306a\u3069\u306e\u591a\u7a2e\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u60c5\u5831\u6e90\u306f\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3084\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8868\u8c61\u3057\u3001\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u62b1\u304f\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u30fb\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u306f\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u30f4\u30a7\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u88ab\u308b\uff0f\u88ab\u3089\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff1f
\n\u5973\u6027\u5dee\u5225\u7684\u306a\u5b97\u6559\u3092\u4fe1\u3058\u308b\u3001\u9045\u308c\u305f\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u53d7\u3051\u8eab\u306a\u5973\u305f\u3061\uff1f\u3000\u5bb6\u7236\u9577\u5236\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6291\u5727\uff1f<\/p>\n
\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u5973\u6027\u306f\u73fe\u5730\u306e\u7537\u6027\u306b\u8650\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a00\u8aac\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u3082\u4eba\u53e3\u306b\u81be\u7099\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u300c\u307e\u306a\u3056\u3057\u300d\u306f\u30b8\u30a7\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u30fb\u30aa\u30ea\u30a8\u30f3\u30bf\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u3068\u30b8\u30a7\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u8457\u8005\u306f\u3001\u672c\u5f53\u306b\u3046\u3093\u3056\u308a\u3059\u308b\u4f4d\u3001\u3053\u306e\u624b\u306e\u307e\u306a\u3056\u3057\u306b\u65e5\u3005\u51fa\u4f1a\u3046\u3057\u3001\u65e5\u3005\u305d\u308c\u306b\u7169\u308f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3082\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5927\u585a\u548c\u592b\u3084\u7247\u5009\u3082\u3068\u3053\u3089\u3001\u6587\u5316\uff08\u793e\u4f1a\uff09\u4eba\u985e\u5b66\u306e\u512a\u308c\u305f\u5148\u9054\u306e\u4ed5\u4e8b\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u306a\u304a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30b8\u30a7\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u30fb\u30aa\u30ea\u30a8\u30f3\u30bf\u30ea\u30ba\u30e0\u306b\u5730\u9053\u306b\u5411\u304d\u5408\u308f\u3056\u308b\u3092\u5f97\u306a\u3044\u72b6\u6cc1\u306f\u5909\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u307e\u306a\u3056\u3057\u306f\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5973\u6027\u306e\u5b9f\u614b\u3092\u77e5\u308b\u3046\u3048\u3067\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306a\u969c\u5bb3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3082\u305d\u3082\u300c\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5973\u6027\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u304c\u3001\u6642\u4ee3\u3082\u5730\u57df\u3082\u7121\u8996\u3057\u305f\u8d85\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u30fb\u8d85\u5730\u57df\u7684\u306a\u3042\u308a\u3048\u306a\u3044\u6982\u5ff5\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8a00\u8449\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u3068\u304d\u306f\u3044\u3064\u3082\u3001\u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068\u3081\u307e\u3044\u304c\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6c17\u5206\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3042\u3048\u3066\u554f\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n
\u305d\u3082\u305d\u3082\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5973\u6027\u3068\u306f\u3069\u3093\u306a\u4eba\u305f\u3061\u306a\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u5f7c\u5973\u305f\u3061\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3001\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3069\u3093\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3092\u6301\u3064\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u5973\u6027\u3067\u3042\u308a\u304b\u3064\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u5f53\u4e8b\u8005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3069\u3046\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u554f\u306b\u7b54\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u62d9\u8457\u300e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u5fa9\u8208\u3068\u30b8\u30a7\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u2015\u2015\u73fe\u4ee3\u30a8\u30b8\u30d7\u30c8\u793e\u4f1a\u3092\u751f\u304d\u308b\u5973\u6027\u305f\u3061\u300f\uff082015\u5e74\u3001\u662d\u548c\u5802\uff09\u306f\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30b8\u30d7\u30c8\u3067\u30a8\u30b8\u30d7\u30c8\u4eba\u5bb6\u5ead\u306b\u5c45\u5019\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3044\u3001\u5973\u6027\u8aac\u6559\u5e2b\u304c\u4e3b\u50ac\u3059\u308b\u5973\u6027\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u52c9\u5f37\u4f1a\u306b\u51fa\u305f\u308a\u3001\u30a8\u30b8\u30d7\u30c8\u4eba\u5973\u6027\u304c\u30a6\u30e9\u30de\u30fc\uff08\u30a4\u30b9\u30e9\u30fc\u30e0\u6cd5\u5b66\u8005\uff09\u306b\u96fb\u8a71\u3067\u5bc4\u305b\u305f\u60a9\u307f\u76f8\u8ac7\u306b\u8033\u3092\u50be\u3051\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u672c\u66f8\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n
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\u300c\u79c1\u304c\u5927\u5b66\u5165\u5b66\u8cc7\u683c\u8a66\u9a13\u306b\u5931\u6557\u3057\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u30f4\u30a7\u30fc\u30eb\u3092\u88ab\u3063\u3066\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u304b\uff1f\u300d\u300c\u30e9\u30de\u30c0\u30f3\u4e2d\u306b\u30e1\u30c3\u30ab\u3078\u5c0f\u5de1\u793c\u306b\u884c\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3093\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u5b50\u4f9b\u3092\u7f6e\u3044\u3066\u5c0f\u5de1\u793c\u306b\u884c\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u304b\uff1f\u300d\uff08\u3061\u306a\u307f\u306b\u3053\u306e\u554f\u306b\u30a6\u30e9\u30de\u30fc\u306fYes\u3068\u7b54\u3048\u305f\u3002\u5de1\u793c\u306b\u306f\u884c\u3051\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306b\u884c\u3063\u305f\u307b\u3046\u304c\u3044\u3044\u3067\u3059\u3088\u3001\u592b\u306e\u8a31\u53ef\u304c\u51fa\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3093\u306a\u3089\u3053\u306e\u597d\u6a5f\u3092\u9003\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3044\u3051\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3001\u3068\u3002\u5de1\u793c\u306f\u6bcd\u5f79\u5272\u3088\u308a\u3082\u512a\u5148\u9806\u4f4d\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u300c\u592b\u304c\u751f\u6d3b\u8cbb\u3092\u304f\u308c\u307e\u305b\u3093\u300d\u300c\u592b\u304c\u793c\u62dd\u3057\u307e\u305b\u3093\u300d\u300c\u592b\u304c\u3001\u79c1\u306b\u6bcd\u3068\u51fa\u304b\u3051\u3061\u3083\u30c0\u30e1\u3060\u3063\u3066\u8a00\u3046\u3093\u3067\u3059\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n
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Hiroko MINESAKI (Aichi University of Education, Japan)<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
What kinds of Japanese stereotypes exist of Islam and of Muslim women?<\/p>\n
In other words, what kinds of information about Islam and Muslims do people receive via TV programs, news, and the Internet? How does this information influence stereotypes of Islam and Muslims? Are Muslim women forced to wear the hijab? Are they merely passive, believing in an outdated religion that believes in the oppression of women?<\/p>\n
Popular Japanese stereotypes, as in other countries, depict Muslim women as oppressed by men. Such a view is often called \u201cgender orientalism.\u201d I am a feminist anthropologist working in the fields of Islam and gender studies, and in the course of my work I have often encountered such a prejudiced gaze.<\/p>\n
In actuality, the term \u201cMuslim women\u201d is a construct: all Muslim women are unique and have views and practices that depend on their specific time period, geographic location, and culture. When I use this term to refer to all Muslim women universally, I always feel uncomfortable. Instead, my research attempts to answer the following: What does it mean for a specific individual to be a Muslim woman? How does she try to be a woman, Muslim, and a responsible individual?<\/p>\n
My first book,\u00a0Islamic Revival and Gender: Women who Live in Modern Egyptian Society<\/em>, is an attempt\u00a0<\/em>to answer these questions. My work aims to build bridges between cultural anthropology, gender studies, and religious studies and cultivate a new interdisciplinary area describing Egyptian Muslim women\u2019s religious activities. My book tries to preserve individual women\u2019s voices, and I am careful never to interpret or translate their voices beyond what is necessary for clarity.<\/p>\n In the course of my research, I lived with two Egyptian families for 10 months, attended weekly Islamic lessons held by a women\u2019s preacher, and carried out cultural anthropological fieldwork at a nonprofit organization (NPO) that is Egypt\u2019s first to issue fatwas\u2014the interpretation of Islamic law by muftis (ulamas<\/em>)\u2014over the phone.<\/p>\n A main part of my research consists of a case study using 2,050 phone consultations regarding fatwa in Egypt in the 2000\u2019s, based on my cultural anthropological fieldwork at the NPO. The size of the data samples was quite large: some 1,319 calls were made, with the cases numbering 2,050; if a caller asked two questions in one call, it was recorded as one call and two cases. These questions and answers give a vivid portrait of the women\u2019s daily lives and their struggles, financial problems, family relations, way of thinking, and gender norms.<\/p>\n The fatwa questions asked taught me much about the lives of Egyptian Muslim women. Questions included: \u201cI failed my baccalaureate exam. Did it happen because I do not wear the veil?\u201d \u201cCan I go to Hajj during Ramadan with my brother while my young teenage children remain at home?\u201d \u201cMy husband never gives me money for living expenses. What should I do?\u201d \u201cMy husband is not interested in daily prayer and he never prays. What do I do?\u201d and \u201cMy husband told me that I cannot go out with my mother. What should I do?\u201d I found that these were tough and strong-minded women using fatwa as religious approval to negotiate with their husbands and families. There was the mother worrying about her son\u2019s sex scandal, the lovesick girl, the woman devoted to caring for her mother because all her brothers fled from their financial and mental responsibilities, the woman caught between her husband and her mother, and more.<\/p>\n In my book, I try to describe these real women and how Islam is woven into their daily lives. This book can be read both as an ethnography of fatwa and as an ethnography of Muslim women in Egypt.<\/p>\n I had no choice but to publish this book in Japanese. The man in charge of the NPO where I conducted fieldwork only allowed me to conduct my research on the condition that I did not publish any of my findings in English. He was afraid that my research would be misused as an illustration of the oppression of women in the Middle East and the Islamic world. Japan has never had an imperial presence in the Middle East, and as such there are no misunderstandings or negative feelings between the two geographic regions. I was able to conduct my research in the spirit of friendship and cooperation.<\/p>\n Since 9\/11, our world has become more unstable. The dichotomy between the Middle East and the West has been reconstructed and exploited in the context of international politics. Former American president George W. Bush\u2019s slogan \u201cSave Muslim women from their own men,\u201d used to justify military intervention in Afghanistan, is proof of this. It was under these circumstances that the head of the NGO asked me not to publish in English.<\/p>\n Needless to say, English publications are just a part of the remarkable findings of cultural anthropology. The rich field of cultural anthropology exists in many other languages, including Japanese. I believe that there is something to be said for writing and publishing scholarly research in our mother tongue. There are many remarkable works not written in English that are known only to researchers who speak a specific language. Even if these works are not easily accessible, they are never useless.<\/p>\n This is why it is a great honor for me to write an essay for this site. Multilingual pages like this one celebrate the importance of the many multilingual works on cultural anthropology. To paraphrase the famous astronaut, Neil Armstrong, \u201cThat\u2019s one small window for individuals, one giant visibility for multiple cultural anthropology.\u201d<\/p>\n In 2016, I visited the NGO where I worked for the first time in 8 years and met with the head of the organization. This time, he finally allowed me to publish my book in English, and for the past year I have been preparing an English version. I hope that I can deliver my book to English readers in the near future.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u300c\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5973\u6027\u300d\u306e\u30b9\u30c6\u30ec\u30aa\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\u306b\u6587\u5316\u4eba\u985e\u5b66\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6297\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068 \u5dba\u5d0e\u5bdb\u5b50\uff08\u611b\u77e5\u6559\u80b2\u5927\u5b66\uff09 \u300c\u30e0\u30b9\u30ea\u30e0\u5973\u6027\u300d\u306b\u3069\u3093\u306a\u30a4\u30e1\u30fc\u30b8\u3092\u6211\u3005\u306f\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002 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Resist Muslim stereotypes in Japan from a cultural anthropological perspective Hiroko MINESAKI (Aichi University of Education, Japan) What kinds of Japanese stereotypes exist of Islam and of Muslim women? In other words, what kinds of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":[],"edited-by":[34],"class_list":["post-1152","propios-terminos","type-propios-terminos","status-publish","hentry","edited-by-akinori-hamada-ryujyu-satomi-miki-namba"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/waunet.org\/wcaa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/propios-terminos\/1152","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/waunet.org\/wcaa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/propios-terminos"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/waunet.org\/wcaa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/propios-terminos"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/waunet.org\/wcaa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/waunet.org\/wcaa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1152"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/waunet.org\/wcaa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1152"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"edited-by","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/waunet.org\/wcaa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/edited-by?post=1152"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}